Welcome to JFCY’s Legal Wiki which provides information about the legal rights of children and youth in Ontario. Click here to download this information from our Publications page. Please contact us if you have any questions or trouble finding the information that you seek. You should speak to a lawyer for legal advice since laws often change.
This section is about the criminal court procedures for people 18 years of age and older.
*Comic with some information, more in the text below:
After being charged by a police officer and being taken to the police station or jail, there are a number of ways that you may be released from jail. Before releasing you, the main issues that a police officer, Justice of the Peace or Judge must decide are:
If the police think that you will come to court and don’t pose a risk to public safety or of committing a criminal offence, you may be released directly from police custody and ordered to come to court by a document that may be called a “Promise to Appear”, “Criminal Summons”, “Recognizance”, or “Undertaking”. If released by an Undertaking, you may have agreed to abide by conditions such as a curfew or not going to certain locations in the city.
The police officers will provide you, the ‘Accused’, with a date to appear at the police station for fingerprints and photographs, usually about one month after release. They will also give you a date to appear in court, usually about six weeks after release. Failure to appear at these dates can result in new criminal charges.
You will be directed to attend the courthouse located closest to where the incident took place. If, at any time, you forget what courthouse you need to attend or what date you should attend, you should contact a courthouse and ask the clerk’s desk when and where your next appearance is.
If the police officers do not think that you will come to court, or think that you may pose a safety risk, then you will be held overnight to appear in court for a bail hearing. You have the right to appear before a Justice of the Peace within 24 hours of arrest (this includes weekends and statutory holidays).
Usually, it is up to the Crown Prosecutor to prove to the Judge or Justice of the Peace why you should be kept in jail awaiting trial. This is called the Crown Prosecutor ‘showing cause’ for your further detention. Bail hearings are also called ‘show cause’ hearings.
Sometimes, you must ‘show cause’ for why you should be released. Examples of when you must prove why you should be released are: if you are charged with certain drug or weapons offences or if you are charged while already out on bail conditions.
The Crown Prosecutor may consent to your release upon certain conditions. If you have other outstanding charges, the Prosecutor may request that you stay in custody for up to three further days so all of the charges can be before the court at the hearing.
It is highly recommended that you do not rush into having your hearing and that you take the time to get the help of a lawyer before agreeing to hold your bail hearing.
The Duty Counsel lawyer is able to assist you in the bail courtroom at any time. Whether with the help of duty counsel or another lawyer, it is important that you create a reasonable release plan. Your lawyer can tell the Justice of the Peace or the Judge how you will be properly supervised to make sure that you come to court and that the public is protected from any criminal activity.
People taking on a legal obligation to supervise you are called sureties. In addition to agreeing to supervise you, sureties will be asked to pledge an amount of money which they can lose if you breach any of the conditions.
Even if you can’t get someone to act as your surety, you should seek out any help from any supportive or stable people in your life.
Letters of support or personal appearances at court from community support workers, mental health professionals, employment counselors, housing workers, religious leaders, social workers, or guidance teachers are extremely helpful to show the court the network of support that you have. If you are a staff attending court to assist a youth, please be sure to introduce yourself to the Duty Counsel lawyer.
If the Justice of the Peace or Judge feels that you are suitable for release then they will determine appropriate conditions and the amount of money the sureties will need to pledge. If detained, you have a right to review of the decision.
The Bail Program at Toronto courthouses is also helpful when you are charged with a non-violent offence and you cannot get a surety. Instead, a regular reporting requirement is put in place for bail to be granted.
The first court appearance is usually six weeks after you are charged. At this time, you may get your disclosure package from the Crown Prosecutor.
The disclosure includes the information against you that the Crown will use against you to prove that you are guilty. Generally, a charge screening form will be attached to the disclosure. This form shows what sentence the Crown is suggesting if you decide to plead guilty.
The charge screening form will also tell you if the Crown is offering you a diversion program or peace bond in exchange for the charges to be “stayed” or “withdrawn”. A lawyer may be able to help give reasons why the Crown should change their mind if they have not yet offered diversion or a peace bond.
Diversion is a program where, if you complete certain requirements (community service, counselling, or donating to a charity), the Crown will “withdraw” or “stay” a charge. Operation Springboard runs the diversion program at many of the Toronto courthouses.
The main things that may lead to acceptance to a diversion program are:
To enter the program, you agree that you are taking responsibility for you actions leading to the charge. You do not plead guilty when entering into a diversion program. If you fail to complete the program requirements, you can still set a date for trial on the charge.
If suffering from a mental illness, you may also be diverted through the mental health diversion court program. See the Wiki “Mental Health” sub-section of the “Homeless Youth Over 18” section.
A peace bond is when you enter into a recognizance, or a promise to the court, to keep the peace and be of good behaviour. If the court decides, you may have other conditions to abide by. For example: not to communicate directly or indirectly with the complainant. A peace bond is usually for 12 months.
Peace bonds carry no criminal record and are not a finding of guilt, but there could be employment and travel consequences. For more information, see the Wiki sections on Youth Records and Adult Records.
If there is no resolution to your charges after a few court appearances, the Justice of the Peace or the Judge will urge you to hire a lawyer or apply for legal aid. It is highly recommended that you get a lawyer to represent you on criminal charges. A lawyer can help make sure that disclosure is complete, have pre-trial meetings with the Crown, and set dates for a trial or guilty plea.
Legal Aid Ontario’s Client Services Centre: 1-800-668-8258.
If you do not have a lawyer, the Justice of the Peace or the Judge will allow Duty Counsel to continue to help you and may permit you to carry on without a lawyer.
It is highly recommended that you get a lawyer to represent you on criminal charges. If you are denied legal aid for financial ineligibility, you may appeal the decision. If you are denied legal aid because the charges are not serious enough and you live in Toronto, contact the Street Youth Legal Services lawyer at JFCY, the Community Legal Assistance Program (CLASP), or Downtown Legal Services (DLS) for assistance.
If you are denied legal aid on the basis of financial ineligibility, you may appeal the decision. Consult with the Lawyer Referral System, CLASP program, DLS program, or the Street Youth Legal Services lawyer at JFCY.
Resources:
JFCY, Street Youth Legal Services Lawyer: 416-920-1633
Community Legal Assistance Program (CLASP): 416-736-5030, then press ‘4’
Downtown Legal Services (DLS): 416-978-6447
Lawyer Referral Service,
The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) provides unique rights and procedures for young people between the ages of 12 - 17 who are charged with a criminal offence in Canada.
Going to school is a legal requirement for young people between the ages of 6 and 17. The Education Act gives parents and children specific rights in the publicly funded school system.
In Ontario, you can choose where you live when you are 16 years old. The decision to leave is often not easy and can lead to difficulties in getting all your belongings, having enough money to support yourself and attending school.
Become informed about your legal rights when it comes to decisions about your healthcare and mental healthcare treatment. This includes any procedure carried out or prescribed by a health practitioner to diagnose or treat a physical or mental health condition.
The Ontario Human Rights Code protects you from discrimination on many grounds and in many social areas. Specific legal concerns raised by youth identifying in LGBTQI2S communities are about GSAs, Trans and Gender Inclusive Spaces and changing their ID.
You can be given a ticket for breaking a provincial law if you are over the age of 16. Some of the common laws that young people are given tickets for is covered in this section.
Emergency help, criminal court, civil remedy and other supports
In family law, the rights of children are unique. Become informed about going into and being in the care of a Children's Aid Society, when parents can assault you (corporal punishment / spanking exemption to assault), and your right to be heard when your parents are splitting up.
JFCY's Childhood Arrivals and Support & Advocacy Program (CASA) provides services to young people who arrived in Canada as children and are living in Ontario without immigration status.
Street Youth Legal Services (SYLS) is a program that provides information and services for homeless youth between the ages of 16 - 25. These are some of the common issues that the SYLS lawyer is asked about.
This section is about the criminal court procedures for people 18 years of age and older.
*Comic with some information, more in the text below:
After being charged by a police officer and being taken to the police station or jail, there are a number of ways that you may be released from jail. Before releasing you, the main issues that a police officer, Justice of the Peace or Judge must decide are:
If the police think that you will come to court and don’t pose a risk to public safety or of committing a criminal offence, you may be released directly from police custody and ordered to come to court by a document that may be called a “Promise to Appear”, “Criminal Summons”, “Recognizance”, or “Undertaking”. If released by an Undertaking, you may have agreed to abide by conditions such as a curfew or not going to certain locations in the city.
The police officers will provide you, the ‘Accused’, with a date to appear at the police station for fingerprints and photographs, usually about one month after release. They will also give you a date to appear in court, usually about six weeks after release. Failure to appear at these dates can result in new criminal charges.
You will be directed to attend the courthouse located closest to where the incident took place. If, at any time, you forget what courthouse you need to attend or what date you should attend, you should contact a courthouse and ask the clerk’s desk when and where your next appearance is.
If the police officers do not think that you will come to court, or think that you may pose a safety risk, then you will be held overnight to appear in court for a bail hearing. You have the right to appear before a Justice of the Peace within 24 hours of arrest (this includes weekends and statutory holidays).
Usually, it is up to the Crown Prosecutor to prove to the Judge or Justice of the Peace why you should be kept in jail awaiting trial. This is called the Crown Prosecutor ‘showing cause’ for your further detention. Bail hearings are also called ‘show cause’ hearings.
Sometimes, you must ‘show cause’ for why you should be released. Examples of when you must prove why you should be released are: if you are charged with certain drug or weapons offences or if you are charged while already out on bail conditions.
The Crown Prosecutor may consent to your release upon certain conditions. If you have other outstanding charges, the Prosecutor may request that you stay in custody for up to three further days so all of the charges can be before the court at the hearing.
It is highly recommended that you do not rush into having your hearing and that you take the time to get the help of a lawyer before agreeing to hold your bail hearing.
The Duty Counsel lawyer is able to assist you in the bail courtroom at any time. Whether with the help of duty counsel or another lawyer, it is important that you create a reasonable release plan. Your lawyer can tell the Justice of the Peace or the Judge how you will be properly supervised to make sure that you come to court and that the public is protected from any criminal activity.
People taking on a legal obligation to supervise you are called sureties. In addition to agreeing to supervise you, sureties will be asked to pledge an amount of money which they can lose if you breach any of the conditions.
Even if you can’t get someone to act as your surety, you should seek out any help from any supportive or stable people in your life.
Letters of support or personal appearances at court from community support workers, mental health professionals, employment counselors, housing workers, religious leaders, social workers, or guidance teachers are extremely helpful to show the court the network of support that you have. If you are a staff attending court to assist a youth, please be sure to introduce yourself to the Duty Counsel lawyer.
If the Justice of the Peace or Judge feels that you are suitable for release then they will determine appropriate conditions and the amount of money the sureties will need to pledge. If detained, you have a right to review of the decision.
The Bail Program at Toronto courthouses is also helpful when you are charged with a non-violent offence and you cannot get a surety. Instead, a regular reporting requirement is put in place for bail to be granted.
The first court appearance is usually six weeks after you are charged. At this time, you may get your disclosure package from the Crown Prosecutor.
The disclosure includes the information against you that the Crown will use against you to prove that you are guilty. Generally, a charge screening form will be attached to the disclosure. This form shows what sentence the Crown is suggesting if you decide to plead guilty.
The charge screening form will also tell you if the Crown is offering you a diversion program or peace bond in exchange for the charges to be “stayed” or “withdrawn”. A lawyer may be able to help give reasons why the Crown should change their mind if they have not yet offered diversion or a peace bond.
Diversion is a program where, if you complete certain requirements (community service, counselling, or donating to a charity), the Crown will “withdraw” or “stay” a charge. Operation Springboard runs the diversion program at many of the Toronto courthouses.
The main things that may lead to acceptance to a diversion program are:
To enter the program, you agree that you are taking responsibility for you actions leading to the charge. You do not plead guilty when entering into a diversion program. If you fail to complete the program requirements, you can still set a date for trial on the charge.
If suffering from a mental illness, you may also be diverted through the mental health diversion court program. See the Wiki “Mental Health” sub-section of the “Homeless Youth Over 18” section.
A peace bond is when you enter into a recognizance, or a promise to the court, to keep the peace and be of good behaviour. If the court decides, you may have other conditions to abide by. For example: not to communicate directly or indirectly with the complainant. A peace bond is usually for 12 months.
Peace bonds carry no criminal record and are not a finding of guilt, but there could be employment and travel consequences. For more information, see the Wiki sections on Youth Records and Adult Records.
If there is no resolution to your charges after a few court appearances, the Justice of the Peace or the Judge will urge you to hire a lawyer or apply for legal aid. It is highly recommended that you get a lawyer to represent you on criminal charges. A lawyer can help make sure that disclosure is complete, have pre-trial meetings with the Crown, and set dates for a trial or guilty plea.
Legal Aid Ontario’s Client Services Centre: 1-800-668-8258.
If you do not have a lawyer, the Justice of the Peace or the Judge will allow Duty Counsel to continue to help you and may permit you to carry on without a lawyer.
It is highly recommended that you get a lawyer to represent you on criminal charges. If you are denied legal aid for financial ineligibility, you may appeal the decision. If you are denied legal aid because the charges are not serious enough and you live in Toronto, contact the Street Youth Legal Services lawyer at JFCY, the Community Legal Assistance Program (CLASP), or Downtown Legal Services (DLS) for assistance.
If you are denied legal aid on the basis of financial ineligibility, you may appeal the decision. Consult with the Lawyer Referral System, CLASP program, DLS program, or the Street Youth Legal Services lawyer at JFCY.
Resources:
JFCY, Street Youth Legal Services Lawyer: 416-920-1633
Community Legal Assistance Program (CLASP): 416-736-5030, then press ‘4’
Downtown Legal Services (DLS): 416-978-6447
Lawyer Referral Service,
